https://github.com/mongodb/mongo/blob/master/docs/building.md states this:

On Linux and macOS, the libcurl library and header is required. MacOS includes libcurl. 
Ubuntu/Debian - apt-get install libcurl-dev

The "apt-get install libcurl-dev" part is not formatted as code and thus easy to overlook when scanning that file for prerequisites.

There is also an entire section for Debian/Ubuntu below which was the only place I looked at initially. On Debian all of the dependencies can be installed via apt-get (including python-cheetah, python-typing and python-yaml) but the Debian section covers 1/3 of required dependencies (toolchain, curl headers and python bits).