Unify query operators argument validation

Currently, various MQL operators have different argument validation behaviour. For example:

1. $bitsAllSet throws FailedToParse when non-integer argument is passed
2. $mod truncates the argument to long long value

Various operators regularly cause fuzzer failures because of their parsing logic. For example:

1. Special values like NaN and Infinity are not handled in $slice (see SERVER-56516)
2. Rounding behaviour is inconsistent across various data types in $mod (see SERVER-32960)

We should unify argument validation strategy for various operators to create a consistent user experience.