This is a sub-task to WT-17914, dependent on WT-17943.

The task is to support ticket like SERVER-124310 , get the metadata information at runtime. 

An optional uri parameter can decide whether it's fetching a table's metadata or all tables' metadata.

Two sources should be supported in disagg mode, one for local metadata which aligns with typical ASC mode by metadata_cursor, and another is shared remote metadata which can be achieved by WT_DISAGG_METADATA_URI.

An optional key parameter can be used to check specified key only, this feature can be used to accelerate the investigation process like check the table id, or checkpoint info.